Why Do You Think Companies Like Dole Need Succession Planning - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 337 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Why do you think companies like Dole need succession planning? I think big companies or corporations like Dole or any other companies need succession planning. â€Å"Succession planning† is a process for identifying and developing internal people with the potential to fill key leadership positions in the company. Succession planning increases the availability of experienced and capable employees that are prepares to assume these roles as they become available. Research indicates that clear objectives are critical to establishing effective succession planning (Kesler, 2002). Having this process in place vital to the companies like Dole because the individuals identified in the plan will eventually be responsible for ensuring the company is able to get through future challenges. These high potential candidates must be carefully selected and the provided training and development that gives them skills and competencies needed for tomorrow’s business environment (Anonymous, 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Do You Think Companies Like Dole Need Succession Planning?" essay for you Create order At the end if the company like dole want to remain successful they need to use succession planning to make sure the individuals exposed to as much of the working environment possible so that they gain a good understanding of what company requires. 2. Do you see any disadvantages of â€Å"automating† succession planning? I think it’s very difficult to assume that there might be disadvantages to succession planning but there are some things we need to consider as we don’t live in a perfect world. Appointing the wrong person can lead to a variety of problems that result in poorer company performance and turnover. -Pulling the trigger too quickly to appoint someone only to have a better candidate appear later on. -Engaging in succession planning when the business is immature may lead to erroneous conclusions about leadership needs. A poorly conducted succession planning process will lead to poor decisions, disharmony and ultimately poor company performance as well (A nonymous, 2009). But if corporation committed to an excellent process, we’ll find that the advantages greatly outweigh the disadvantages. References: Anonymous. Why is succession planning is important? www. ameinfo. com/59276. html Anonymous. Advantages and Disadvantages of succession planning.

To Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis - 924 Words

The novel To Kill a Mockingbird is based on the passed experienced from Harper Lees childhood. The character of Atticus resembles the author’s father, and the character of Scout resembles herself. To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel written by the well known author, Harper Lee. This book is written in Scouts perspective to portray her life. The main character, Scout, who is also the narrator is portrayed as a young girl who is still learning the rules of life. Her father, her brother Jem, and nanny (Calpurnia) all play a role in teaching Scout right from wrong as she grows. The novel is based around the case of Tom Robinson and the events that happen in Maycomb. The novel is greatly based on prejudice; mainly prejudice against poor people,†¦show more content†¦13). Aunt Alexandra has her own views on how a woman should act and behave. She wants to teach Scout her views on how to act like a lady. Aunt Alexandra and many of the other characters in the novel are prejudice t owards women. She felt that all women should act a certain way. Aunt Alexandra felt as if Calpurnia is not the right woman role model that Scout needs. The novel takes place during The Great Depression In the 1950’s, which was right after The Womens Suffrage Act in 1920. During This time women were granted the same rights as men. In the novel, women continued to be discriminated against and were still not treated the same as men. Families in Maycomb were seen as the average family for their time. The women would usually stay at home and take care of the children, while the fathers were the breadwinners and went to work. Aunt Alexandra along with many of the other people in Maycomb discriminated against women and believed that they should act like a lady. The main, most important kind of prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird is the prejudice against race. The prejudice against race can be shown through the trial of Tom Robinson. Atticus said to Jem, â€Å"‘As you grow olde r, youll see white men cheat black men every day of your life†¦ dont you forget it whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how nice he is, or how fine a family he come from, that white man is trash’† (Lee 295, Ch. 23). Atticus is explaining to Jem that there isShow MoreRelatedTo Kill a Mockingbird Character Analysis Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Prompt: In a 1-2 page character analysis, explain what makes Atticus such a good parent, using quotes and evidence from the text to back up your claims. The Most Memorial Parent In 2003, the American Film Institute chose Atticus Finch, a respectful, dignity attorney from To Kill a Mockingbird, as the greatest hero in 100 years of film history. Harper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird in the 1960s and it immediately received huge acclaims from readers throughout the world. In the novelRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis783 Words   |  4 PagesMockingbird Characters A mockingbird is someone or something that does no harm to others. In the story To Kill A Mockingbird, there are three characters that symbolize a mockingbird. They are Boo Radley, Atticus Finch, and Tom Robinson. These characters are innocent and do good to others. They also deserve no harm to be done to them. Boo Radley is a character the symbolizes a mockingbird. People like Mrs. Crawford spread rumors about Boo. â€Å"As Mr. Radley passed by, Boo drove the scissorsRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis721 Words   |  3 Pagesclass 6th Period English ll December 21 To Kill a Mockingbird is written by Harper Lee. It is the story of a black man’s struggle for justice. The protagonists Atticus Finch and his daughter Scout and other characters such as Tom Robinson and Bob Ewell, the author reveals her themes showing the evils of racism and the need in humans for respect. heroism is found in this novel, characters who show both physical and moral courage. Three characters to start are Atticus Finch, Mrs. Dubose, andRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis903 Words   |  4 Pages To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel written by Harper Lee, takes place during the Great Depression in the fictional town of Maycomb County, Alabama. The novel is narrated by Scout Finch looking back upon events within her childhood in Maycomb. She retells the various adventures she’s had with her brother, Jem, and father, Atticus. Scout and Jem are often getting themselves into trouble whether it is because they are pestering their reclusive neighbors the Radleys, or are destroying the gardens of anotherRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis733 Words   |  3 PagesIn the story To Kill a Mockingbird it follows the life of Jem and Scout as they grow up in a time of inequality and injustice. In the beginning of the story Scout does not understand Atticus’ life lessons, but as she matures she will. The author tells the story from an older and more mature Scout’s perspective. Harper Lee also uses the voice of Jem to portray the internal and external conflicts in the book. Using Jem’s voice, Lee reveals how a young man can rise above ignorance in their communityRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis956 Words   |  4 PagesEmpathetic Development in To Kill a Mockingbird Developing genuine empathy is one of life’s greatest challenges. In To Kill a Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses unhypocritical, more experienced characters like Atticus to expose Jem and Scout to adult knowledge. Their adult influence is what brings about the empathetic growth and maturity of Jem and Scout. Atticus is one of these adults. After Scout is upset by her teacher’s inability to understand Maycomb County’s culture, Atticus delivers theRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis756 Words   |  4 Pagesso that she could end the aggression her father gave her. Mayella is powerful due to the fact that she is white, her family is the poorest family out there, but because of her color she will always be preferred over African-Americans. In â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird,† Harper Lee uses class, race, and gender to determine if Mayella has power after all. In this case, power brought her down to be on a negative side. She may be white but because of the way she lives she will never earn the trust of othersRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis1005 Words   |  5 Pages Character Development and Theme PBA â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee is an exceedingly powerful novel. It includes many significant minor themes such as racism and hatred which leave the reader to have grown more attentive to the past once they complete the book. The book takes place in Maycomb County Alabama during the great depression. During this period there was a great deal of hate and prejudice towards people of color, in addition to a great regard to social class. The novels protagonistsRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird : Character Analysis772 Words   |  4 Pages To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, two characters, Jem and Scout, live in Maycomb, Alabama where they learn many lessons. Atticus, Jem and Scout’s father, helps them learn and understand many of these life morals. Jem and Scout take in multiple moral lessons such as not jumping to conclusions, being respectful to everyone, and having contentment for what you have by interacting with other citizens of Maycomb. Mrs. Dubose, an older woman who was a morphine addict, was not only a character in theRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis791 Words   |  4 PagesCourage is an essential human quality. Facing fears against all odds is a feature in many novels. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is no exception. Many characters depicts the quality. Some in normal situations others, take on terrifying tasks in a unique and original way. Scout, Jem, Atticus, and Ms. Dubose show bravery in many areas of their lives, one character risks their careers, others have a situation that lacks massive consequences. Scout shows courage by standing up to her family

Brinker Free Essays

Brinker is that special type of guy who always smells good, dresses cool, is a model student and also he is like a born leader, but throughout the novel the change of brinker happens slowly, the change happens from a model student to a school rebel. nevertheless, from the beginning to the end of the novel there is a persistence dislike from brinker to Gene, this hate increases throughout the novel. But especially his hate increases Expeditiously when, gene pushes finny off the tree. We will write a custom essay sample on Brinker or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because Brinker realises that: Gene did it on purpose. After winter holidays when they return to school, gene chooses finny as he roommate for the year, at the end finny never appears because he was still in recovery after his injury, â€Å"I’ll bet you knew all the time Finny wouldn’t be back this fall. That’s why you picked him for a roommate, right?†, also after finny returns to School, both are taken by brinker and three suddens to the assembly room to judge Gene about finny’s accident, â€Å"We’re taking you out,† he said flatly (said brinker) . When finny leaves school because of his injury he leaves the power to any one who want ´s it, briker quickly assumes it. Also, Brinker`s attitude and way of thinking at the end compared to the beginning, is more mature than the other boys, also his acceptance of war and his enthusiasm to enlist seems to decrease throughout the story and by the end, he seems to refuse war and his enthusiasm to enlist is null. but nearer to the beginning his motivation to keep studying and be the best student was to think he would participate in the war, this is shown, â€Å"Ready to sign up?† he shouted before he was through the door. â€Å"You ready to en—Finny!†, but like brinker’s attitude towards gene, his eager to enlist slowly decreases, {Brinker broke in, â€Å"the Coast Guard does some very rough stuff, putting the men on the beaches, all that dangerous amphibious stuff.†} at this point of the novel brinker is already not that much enthusiastic about the idea of enlisting, he is defending his idea to enlist but not like before, earlier in the novel he not even would let someone discuss with him. This shows the grown of Brinker and his ideas How to cite Brinker, Papers

Financial Management Australian Accounting Standard Board

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Managementfor Australian Accounting Standard Board. Answer: Introduction This essay is based on the subject area of financial management. The primary discussion in this essay is focused on the concepts of accounting measurements and the problems in accounting measurement in context of Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB) and International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). The discussion under this essay follows a specific follow, which starts with the discussion on the accounting measurement concepts and ends with the evaluation of the issues in the measurement techniques. In order to get a proper flow, the study analyzes and evaluates the measurement technique applied by Amcor Limited, which is a multinational packaging company in Australia. Accounting Measurement Under AASB / IASB Accounting measurement is the most vital part of overall accounting system in the business organizations. Ellul et al. (2015) stated that proper accounting measurement helps to identify and understand the actual strength of the company. In the words of Macve (2015), accounting measurement refers to the measurable element that helps to evaluate and analyze the accounting information. Demerjian, Donovan and Larson (2016) believed that accounting measurement is measuring the financial transaction in terms of money. However, in accounting there are mainly two accounting measurement concepts or methods fair value method and historical cost method. In fair value method, the valuation or measurement is done based on the current market price or value of the assets or liability (Campbell, 2015). On the other side, in case of historical cost method, the measurement of the assets is done based on the original cost or the cost that was spend by the company at the time of purchasing the assets. Therefore, it can be said that the two concepts or methods of accounting measurement differ to a high extent from each other (Barker Schulte, 2015). In this context, Magnan, Menini and Parbonetti (2015) mentioned that there is no such strict rule about the use or applicability of the accounting measurement methods. The business organizations can adopt either historical cost method or fair value method. However, different accounting sand tandards like, AASB, IASB or FASB have preferred to use the mixed method that is fair value as well as historical cost method together at the time of ascertaining the value of the assets liabilities (Bradbury, 2015). This actually creates a huge problem and confusion to the companies while measuring their assets and liabilities. The companies at present scenario are also trying to adopt the mixed concepts for accounting measurement (Akdogan Ozturk, 2015). For example, as per the 2016s annual report of Amcor Limited, the company has measured the financial transactions based on the historical cost concept except few items stated in the balance sheet, which are measured based on the fair value concept (Amcor.com, 2016). At Amcor Limited, the derivative financial instruments, the assets those are available for sale, non-derivative financial instruments through profit or loss and liabilities those are needed to be settles on cash are valued based on the fair value concept (Amcor.com, 2016). The financial report of the company has clearly mentioned that the company has followed the guidelines stated under the AASB. Measuring the financial transactions or assets and liabilities of the company based on the mixed concept of accounting measurement originates several issues during measurement. Strouhal (2015) noted that there is a basic and major difference between the two concepts of accounting measurement. One concept is based on the current price or value and the other is based on the past price (Sotti, Rinaldi Gavana, 2015). Therefore, it is clear that there are huge possibilities that the value of the assets or liabilities will be different if the measurement is done based on two different methods. As stated in the above discussion, the accounting standards do not provide any strict rule for measuring the assets and liabilities of the companies. However, koda and Slvikov (2015) argued that AASB 13 has especially emphasized on the applicability of the fair value method. In the current business world, the companies like Amcor Limited are using the mixed approach of accounting measurement. The major problem that occurs due to the use of mixed concept is the accountants get different values for measuring different financial transactions using two different concepts of accounting measurement (Vlaeminck, Vandoren Vranken, 2016). Due to this, the overall measurement becomes incorrect and the financial reports of the company display inaccurate financial position of the company. However, in order to improve the measurements of accounting transactions, the accounting standard boards suggested the companies to use the fair value method for the accounting measurements (Ryu, Kang Suh, 2015). The standard setters believed that the fair value method is more accurate because it is based on the current market value of the assets or liabilities. However, Munteanu and Zuca (2015) pointed that the fair value method of accounting measurement is not flawless. Moreover, Ebach et al. (2016) argued that the fair value method of accounting measurement influenced the financial crisis in the global economy. According to Sotti, Rinaldi and Gavana (2015), the fair value method of accounting measurement bubbles the prices of the assets in the market, which was one of the main reason behind the global financial crisis in the recent past. Fair value accounting as suggested by AASB or IASB is more accurate method than the historical cost method (Malone, Tarca Wee, 2016). However, the standard setters did not consider the situation when the assets price continuously increases and at a certain point the value suddenly decreases. This type of situation took place in 2007-08 and as the banks were following the fair value accounting measurement method, they were forced to modify the values of the investments, which influenced the financial bubbles (Elfaki Hammad, 2015). However, the sudden decrease in the value of the assets affected the financial positions of the banks badly. In the same way, if the accountants at Amcor Limited use the fair value measurement method continuously, then it is poss ible that the organization may face critical problem in the future financial years. On the other side, Casta and Ramond (2016) mentioned that there are many other problems in fair value accounting. Accounting measurement through fair value accounting may be very problematic if the value of the financial assets swings several times. High volatility in the financial market creates barriers in ascertaining the right price of the financial assets likes derivative instruments (Bond, Govendir Wells, 2016). This problem is a major problem for Amcor Limited also. According to the 2016s annual report of the company, the derivative instruments of the company are measured by using the fair value concept. Therefore, the value of total assets of the company increases when the value of derivative instruments increases and vice-versa. Hence, in the volatile market, the fair value method fails to disclose the actual financial position of the company. Apart from the above-mentioned issue, the fair value measurement concept of accounting measurement sometimes reduces the interests of the investors (Kabir Rahman, 2015). In case of the fair value method, the total value of the company becomes low if the market price of the assets is less. This shows weak financial position of the company in the financial or annual report (Malone, Tarca Wee, 2016). If the investors check the financial reports at the time when the market value of the assets is low, the investors feel insecure and dissatisfied with the financial position of the company. For example, in 2015, the total value of property, plant and equipment of Amcor Limited was US $2566.7 million, whereas the value of the same fixed assets in 2016 is US $2690.9 million (Amcor.com, 2016). Therefore, it can be seen that the increment in the value of plant, property and equipment in Amcor Limited is not that much high, which sometimes de-motivates the investors to invest in Amcor Limited. If the current situation at Amcor Limited is analyzed, then it can be identified that the company is also facing several issues in maintaining the accounting measurement standard stated by Australian Accounting Standard Board or International Accounting Standard Board (Amcor.com, 2016). The major issue that the accountants of the company are facing is changes in the values of the assets for several times. In the last few financial years, the market prices of the assets have changed several times and every time, the accountant required changing and modifying the values of the assets and other financial transactions (Amcor.com, 2016). This is very time consuming and creates confusion. This also increases the chances of mistakes at the time of measuring the financial transactions of the company (Bond, Govendir Wells, 2016). Apart from the issue of several times measurement, the fair value measurement method also creates problem at the time of auditing the financial reports of the company. At the time when the internal as well as external auditors conduct auditing at Amcor Limited, every time they need to check and compare the market price of the assets and the price or value of the assets stated under the financial statements (Amcor.com, 2016). Checking the value of the assets every time is very hectic and time consuming. This actually makes the process of auditing lengthy and at the same time, the cost of the company also increases (Malone, Tarca Wee, 2016). The accounting measurement under the fair value method sometimes fails to provide reliable data to the management at Amcor Limited. The application of this particular method of accounting measurement has been mandated by AASB 13 (Akdogan Ozturk, 2015). However, many times, it has been identified that the method failed to provide reliable and verifiable information regarding the non-financial or intangible assets of the company. This particular method cannot measure the value of the intangible asset like goodwill accurately estimation of the market value (Ryu, Kang Suh, 2015). This influences manipulation of the financial measurement as well as financial reports. As per the annual report 2016 of Amcor Limited it can be said that the value of most of the assets of the company has been measured with the help of fair value accounting measurement method (Amcor.com, 2016). However, the fair value accounting measurement method is not that much reliable at the time of inflation. In recent era, inflation is going on in the Australian market and for that the values of the assets are increasing, which can be seen in the annual reports of Amcor Limited (Barker Schulte, 2015). For example, the 2015, the total value of assets of the company was US $8547.1 million, which increased to US $8682.1 million in the year 2016. This is clearly indicating that the value of the assets has increased from 2015 to 2016 (Amcor.com, 2016). At the same time, in the annual report of the company it has also mentioned that most of the assets are measured by using the fair value method. Hence, it can be said that by using the fair value method, the value of the assets has in creased. Now, if recession comes then the values of the assets of the company will fall suddenly, which will negatively affect the financial position of the company (Sotti, Rinaldi Gavana, 2015). Amcor Limited uses the fair value accounting measurement method as per the suggestion given by the AASB and IASB (Amcor.com, 2016). However, in fair value accounting measurement method, the total capital of the company decreases due to the weak financial condition, which ultimately reduces the share prices of the company in the market. If the 2016s annual report of Amcor Limited is identified, then it can be seen that the capital of the company has decreased at a high rate from 2015 to 2016. In the year 2015, the total capital of the company was US $1466.2 million, which decreased to US $783.9 million in 2016 (Amcor.com, 2016). This indicates that the company faced a weak financial condition and as the capital value of the company reduced, the share prices of the company also fall down in 2016, which is a big loss for the company. Casta and Ramond (2016) stated that the fair value accounting measurement method sometimes destroy the confidence of the people on the company. As stated before that in 2016, the capital value of the company decreased by huge amount. Reduction in the capital directly affects the thinking of the investors. Investors think that the future of the company may not be safe and so they lose their confidence on the company (Bond, Govendir Wells, 2016). This ultimately affects the financial position of the company more badly and the share price of the company decreases more. Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that the use of fair value method for the measurement of the financial transactions or assets and liabilities in context of AASB or IASB standards can negatively affect the financial measurement as well as financial position of the company. There are several problems that Amcor Limited is currently facing due to the application or use of fair value method for accounting measurement (Amcor.com, 2016). In the annual report of Amcor Limited, it can be identified that the organization has used both historical cost method and the fair value method for measuring the financial transactions. At the same time, it can also be noticed that the company has mostly used the fair value method for measuring the values of its assets and liabilities. However, as per the provisions under the AASB and IASB, the companies are bound to provide all important information related to the measurement and valuation of the assets and liabilities in the annual reports. According to AASB and IASB it is mandatory for each company to disclose all necessary information in their annual reports. This provision helps the companies to maintain the transparency level (Bond, Govendir Wells, 2016). The accounting standard boards also stated that the companies must clearly mention the measurement method that they have used for measuring the financial transactions during the particular financial year. At the same time, proper justification must be provided by the companies regarding the selection of measurement method. If the annual report of Amcor Limited is analyzed, then it can be identified that the company has maintained the provisions of decision useful information stated under AASB and IASB. In the annual report of the company it has been clearly mentioned that the company has used the fair value accounting measurement method for measuring the derivative instrument, non-derivative instrument and few more assets. At the same time, the company has also mentioned that it has used the historical cost method for measuring the financial transactions other than the specified assets, which are valued under the fair value method. For example, in section 6 of the annual report of the company, it has been clearly mentioned that the company has prepared the financial statements by following the historical cost method except the items, which are measured under the fair value method. At the same time, if the auditors opinion of the company is noticed then it can be identified that the auditors of the company has clearly mentioned that the company has followed the provisions under the Corporation Act 2001 as well as AASB and IFRS. Therefore, if the relationship between the measurement method employed by the Amcor Limited and the provision of decision useful information is identified, then it can be easily said that the relationship between these two is positive. The company has not only maintained the provisions of decision useful information but it has also provided each necessary information in its annual report. If the investors or other stakeholders analyze the annual report of Amcor Limited, then they can easily identify the needful information. The company has disclosed all of the information that is useful rather essential for the decision making of its stakeholders. However, it is very important for the company to maintain these positive relationship in the future financial years. Conclusion In this study, it has been identified that there are mainly two methods for measuring the financial or accounting transactions. These two methods are historical cost method and fair value method. These two methods are quite different from each other. The historical cost method measures the value of the assets, liabilities and other financial transactions by considering the past cost or past price. However, on the other side, the fair value method considers the current market price for measuring the values of assets, liabilities and other financial transactions. According to this particular study, there is no particular guideline regarding the choice of accounting measurement method and due to that, many confusions take place in the companies. Previously, the accounting standard boards line, IFRS, IASB or AASB suggested to use mixed method, means the combination of historical cost and fair value method but due to several problems, the Australian Accounting Standards Board or AASB 13 specified to use the fair value method for measuring the financial transactions. The main reason behind selecting the fair value method was to make the measurement more accurate because the fair value method considers the current market value. However, the study has also identified that the fair value method is also not flawless. There are several problems associated with the fair value method of accounting measurement. The main issue or problem with the fair value method is that the method creates problems when the market is volatile. In the volatile market it does not provide the accurate measurement of the accounting transactions. At the same time, the fair value method sometimes disappoints the investors because in recession, the values of the assets decreases, which decrease the interests of the investors. The study has found out that Amcor Limited has also faced several problems due to the use of fair value method. The accountants of the company get confused regarding the valuation of the financial transactions, when the market is more volatile. The auditors also require more time and cost for verifying the measurements and values of the transactions. However, the company has maintained the provisions of decision useful information properly. Reference List: Akdogan, N., Ozturk, C. (2015). A Country Specific Approach To IFRS Accounting Policy Choice In The European, Australian And Turkish Context.Emerging Markets Journal,5(1), 60. Amcor.com. (2016). Amcor.com. Retrieved 7 September 2016, from https://www.amcor.com Barker, R., Schulte, S. (2015). Representing the market perspective: Fair value measurement for non-financial assets.Accounting, Organizations and Society. Bond, D., Govendir, B., Wells, P. (2016). An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance. Bradbury, M. E. (2015). Capital maintenance in a contemporary context.Available at SSRN 2500017. Campbell, J. L. (2015). The fair value of cash flow hedges, future profitability, and stock returns.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(1), 243-279. Casta, J. F., Ramond, O. (2016). Financial Reporting and Fair Value: Where Do We Stand?. InIFRS in a Global World(pp. 57-70). Springer International Publishing. Demerjian, P. R., Donovan, J., Larson, C. R. (2016). Fair value accounting and debt contracting: Evidence from adoption of SFAS 159.Journal of Accounting Research. Ebach, E. M., Hertel, M., Lindermeir, A., Trnkler, T. (2016). Toward an optimal hedging strategy considering earnings volatility through fair value accounted financial derivatives.The Journal of Risk Finance,17(3). Elfaki, A. A. A., Hammad, S. M. E. (2015). The Impact of the Application of Fair Value Accounting on the Quality of Accounting Information. An Empirical Study on a Group of Companies Listed on the Khartoum Stock Exchange.International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences,5(1), 148-160. Ellul, A., Jotikasthira, C., Lundblad, C. T., Wang, Y. (2015). Is historical cost accounting a panacea? Market stress, incentive distortions, and gains trading.The Journal of Finance,70(6), 2489-2538. Ifrs.org. (2016). Ifrs.org. Retrieved 17 September 2016, from https://www.ifrs.org/ Kabir, H., Rahman, A. R. (2015). The Role of Corporate Governance in Accounting Discretion: The Case of Goodwill Impairment in Australia.Available at SSRN 2630581. Macve, R. H. (2015). Fair value vs conservatism? Aspects of the history of accounting, auditing, business and finance from ancient Mesopotamia to modern China.The British Accounting Review,47(2), 124-141. Magnan, M., Menini, A., Parbonetti, A. (2015). Fair value accounting: information or confusion for financial markets?.Review of Accounting Studies,20(1), 559-591. Malone, L., Tarca, A., Wee, M. (2016). IFRS nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ GAAP earnings disclosures and fair value measurement.Accounting Finance,56(1), 59-97. Munteanu, V., Zuca, M. (2015). Debate Regarding Measuring Accounting Value: Historical Cost against Fair Value.Academic Journal of Economic Studies,1(4), 91-102. Ryu, D., Kang, J., Suh, S. (2015). Implied pricing kernels: an alternative approach for option valuation.Journal of Futures Markets,35(2), 127-147. koda, M., Slvikov, G. (2015). Fair Value Measurement after Financial Crunch.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,213, 241-247. Sotti, F., Rinaldi, L., Gavana, G. (2015). Measurement options for non-controlling interests and their effects on consolidated financial statements consistency.Which should the disclosure be, 293-302. Sotti, F., Rinaldi, L., Gavana, G. (2015). Measurement options for non-controlling interests and their effects on consolidated financial statements consistency.Which should the disclosure be, 293-302. Strouhal, J. (2015). Historical Cost or Fair Value in Accounting: Impact on Selected Financial Ratios.Jurnal of Economic, Bussines and Management,3(5). Vlaeminck, P., Vandoren, J., Vranken, L. (2016). Consumers willingness to pay for fair trade chocolate.The Economics of Chocolate, 180.